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Best practice in hydrogen related experimental work

Deliverable 70 (WP 2)

1 Introduction

Integration of Experimental Facilities (IEF) is one of the integrating activities within the network HySafe aiming at the integration of experience and knowledge on hydrogen safety in Europe as well as at the integration and harmonisation of the fragmented research base. The creation of a set of specialised research facilities is the main goal of IEF in order to enable the network for jointly define, rank and perform test series. Research facilities are needed for investigation of relevant phenomena, for testing devices and concepts as well as for validation of numerical models.

The main task of WP2 during the first 18 months of the network is to prepare the basis for future integration of the experimental possibilities of the partners. As a first step, the partners have prepared detailed descriptions of the facilities available for carrying out specific tests and experiments related to the thematic structure of the network.

2 Measurement techniques

The purpose of this chapter is

• to describe briefly measurement techniques available for different measurement tasks
• according to overview presentations given in the IEF workshops

2.1 Concentration measurements / hydrogen sensors

• Testing and calibration of hydrogen sensors Thomas Huebert, BAM
• Hydrogen safety sensors: scope, principles and performance assessment methods Paolo Castello, JRC
• Hydrogen measurement methods used at Fraunhofer ICT Armin Kessler, Fh-ICT

2.2 Temperature measurements

• Survey of temperature measurement techniques Ernie Reinecke, FZJ

2.3 Velocity measurements in gases

• An overview of velocity measurement techniques in gaseous flows Sanjeev Gupta, CEA
• Accuracy of mass flow measurements Thomas Huebert, BAM
• Flow measurements - Velocity and turbulence Christophe Proust, INERIS

2.4 Velocity measurements in flames

• Flame speed measurement - Techniques used at HSL David Hedley, HSL
• Flame detection - Trajectory and speed Christophe Proust, INERIS

2.5 Pressure measurements

• Dynamic pressure measurement - An overview David Hedley, HSL
• Survey on pressure measurement techniques used at Fraunhofer ICT Armin Kessler, Fh-ICT

2.6 Data acquisition and evaluation

• Data aquisition systems - A technical overview David Hedley, HSL

3 Phenomena and experiments

The purpose of this chapter is

• to describe experiments, the corresponding measurement tasks and the appropriate measurement techniques with advantages and disadvantages
• according to presentations given in the IEF workshops

3.1 Gaseous release

• Free jet scanning by means of continuous probe sampling based on conventional thermal conductivity sensors Armin Kessler, Fh-ICT
• BOS (Background-oriented Schlieren) technique for free jet visualisation Armin Kessler, Fh-ICT
• Ultrasonic velocimetry for hydrogen distribution measurement in a free jet Mike Kuznetsov, FZK
• Experimental characterization of helium jets and plumes in free or confined geometries Sanjeev Gupta, CEA

3.2 Dispersion

• Oxygen depletion sensors for hydrogen concentration measurement in unignited jets John Gummer, HSE/HSL
• Hydrogen distribution measurement along obstructed tubes by means of semi-conductive thermal anemometry Mike Kuznetsov, FZK
• Use of thermocouples in gaseous distribution experiments Tkatschenko, CEA
• Vane wheels for flow measurements inside a closed vessel Tkatschenko, CEA

3.3 Ignition

• Fast in-house pyrometry for temperature measurement in ignition experiments Christophe Proust, INERIS
• Thermal imaging for ignition visualisation John Gummer, HSE/HSL

3.4 Combustion/Explosion

• Sonic velocimetry for hydrogen distribution measurement in combustion experiments Mike Kuznetsov, FZK
• Thermal anemometry for hydrogen distribution measurement in combustion experiments Mike Kuznetsov, FZK
• Hydrogen concentration measurements in gas explosion experiments Peter de Bruijn, TNO
• Oxygen depletion sensors for hydrogen concentration measurement for pre-mixed hydrogen air explosions John Gummer, HSE/HSL
• BOS (Background-oriented Schlieren) technique for pressure pulse visualisation Armin Kessler, Fh-ICT
• Use of thermocouples for temperature measurements in flames Christophe Proust, INERIS
• Fast thermal measurements under combustion and detonation Kuznetsov, FZK
• Thermal imaging for jet fire release visualisation John Gummer, HSE/HSL
• Heat flux measurements for jet fire experiments John Gummer, HSE/HSL
• Investigation of hydrogen combustion by fast emission spectroscopy Kelzenberg, Fh-ICT
• Microwave Radar for Monitoring Velocity of Fast Deflagrations and Detonations Andrzej Teodorczyk, WUT
• Application of photo-diodes and ion probes in spatial and temporal resolution of 3-dimensional flame structure in complex geometries Mike Kuznetsov, FZK
• Pressure and blast measurements in gas explosions Peter de Bruijn, TNO

3.4.1 Heat radiation and absorption

• Measuring and modelling radiation of hydrogen-air combustion Volker Weiser, Fh-ICT
• Thermal imaging for thermal radiation visualisation in combustion experiments John Gummer, HSE/HSL

3.5 Liquid release

• Use of thermocouples for measurement of cloud formation in liquid hydrogen spills Christophe Proust, INERIS

3.6 Explosion of liquid storage

3.7 Mitigation

3.8 Equipment and device testing

3.8.1 Sensors performance

• Testing and calibration of hydrogen sensors Thomas Huebert, BAM
• Hydrogen safety sensors: scope, principles and performance assessment methods Paolo Castello, JRC

3.8.2 Igniters performance

3.8.3 Recombiners performance

• Hydrogen concentration measurements for performance evaluation of catalytic recombiners Ernie Reinecke, FZJ
• Measurements of catalyst temperature with thermocouples and pyrometers Ernie Reinecke, FZJ

3.8.5 Storage

• Chemical analysis of hydrogen in materials and in gaseous samples Azkarate, INASMET
• Thermal imaging in storage testing John Gummer, HSE/HSL

3.8.7 Thermal impact

• Thermal imaging for thermal impact tests John Gummer, HSE/HSL
• Heat flux measurements for thermal impact tests John Gummer, HSE/HSL

3.8.8 Mechanical impact

• Fast in-house pyrometry for temperature measurement in mechanical impact experiments Christophe Proust, INERIS

4 Experimental data processing

The purpose of this chapter is to describe different options and techniques of collecting and processing experimental data.

4.1 Data aquisition

• Data Acquisition and Signal Conditioning Systems used by TNO (Pacific, LMS SCADAS III) Peter de Bruijn, TNO
• Data Acquisition Systems used by Pro-Science in Combustion Experiments (KRENZ PSO 9080, IMTEC T112-8) A. Friedrich, ProScience
• Data acquisition with LABVIEW in GARAGE facility at CEA S. Gupta, CEA
• Pressure measurements and flame position detection in fast deflagrations and detonations A. Teodorczyk, WUT

4.2 Data analysis and presentation

5 Safety aspects of experiments with hydrogen

The purpose of this chapter is to describe general rules to be taken into account when performing experiments including hydrogen concerning

• handling of hydrogen
• measurements concerning hydrogen impact

5.1 Providing hydrogen

5.2 Indoor experiments

5.3 Outdoor experiments